Why are women in Zambia working so hard, yet are still marginalized to achieve social and economical security? Ngoza, looks at the historical conditions of women in Zambia. "Every society has social practices and institutions that reporduce and perpetuate inequalities. These social practices which are normally inherited from the past have resulted in low self-esteem, dependency and vulnerability in Zambian women", said Ngoza. A former career diplomat and now working for the government of Canada, Ngoza contends that,"Contemporary impoverished households headed by females in Zambia are, infact the result of a century old migrant labor system that disrupted social ties and perpetuated gender inequalities."

Ngoza Simwanza | Ruth Mwape | James Mwape | Zambia | Women